{"id":3988,"date":"2023-05-05T14:49:01","date_gmt":"2023-05-05T06:49:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/virsopv2\/?page_id=3988"},"modified":"2023-09-05T17:28:12","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T09:28:12","slug":"appendix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/overview\/appendix\/","title":{"rendered":"17. Appendix"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_481352988\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill bg-loaded bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row align-right\"  id=\"row-1032753787\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1501693611\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\t\t\t<!-- Flexy Breadcrumb -->\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"fbc fbc-page\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<!-- Breadcrumb wrapper -->\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"fbc-wrap\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Ordered list-->\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"fbc-items\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BreadcrumbList\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t            <li itemprop=\"itemListElement\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ListItem\">\r\n                <span itemprop=\"name\">\r\n                    <!-- Home Link -->\r\n                    <a itemprop=\"item\" href=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/\">\r\n                    \r\n                                                    <i class=\"fa fa-home\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/span>\r\n                <meta itemprop=\"position\" content=\"1\" \/><!-- Meta Position-->\r\n             <\/li><li><span class=\"fbc-separator\">\/<\/span><\/li><li class=\"active\" itemprop=\"itemListElement\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ListItem\"><span itemprop=\"name\" title=\"17. Appendix\">17. Appendix<\/span><meta itemprop=\"position\" content=\"2\" \/><\/li>\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-1501693611 > .col-inner {\n  padding: 0px 11px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_481352988 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n#section_481352988 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_481352988 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_151875176\">\n\t\t<div class=\"bg section-bg fill bg-fill bg-loaded bg-loaded\" >\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1076112647\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-95310223\" class=\"col medium-1 small-2 large-1\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-right\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/?page_id=481\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button primary is-large nav_mobile_tab_btn_left\"  style=\"border-radius:30px;\">\n    <span>&#62;<\/span>\n  <\/a>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-225150280\" class=\"col medium-10 small-8 large-10\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-449535033\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h1 class=\"uppercase\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 120%; color: #446084;\">APPENDIX<\/span><\/h1>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-449535033 {\n  font-size: 1rem;\n  text-align: center;\n}\n@media (min-width:850px) {\n  #text-449535033 {\n    font-size: 1.1rem;\n  }\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-225150280 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -50px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1595984780\" class=\"col medium-1 small-2 large-1\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/?page_id=370\" target=\"_self\" class=\"button primary is-large nav_mobile_tab_btn_right\"  style=\"border-radius:30px;\">\n    <span>&#62;<\/span>\n  <\/a>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<a class=\"button primary is-small expand_all_btn\"  >\n  <i class=\"icon-expand\" ><\/i>  <span>Expand All<\/span>\n  <\/a>\n\n\n<div class=\"accordion\" rel=\"\">\n\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>HYDRAULIC &amp; HYDROLOGY CONSIDERATION FOR RIVER SAND &amp; STONE MINING ACTIVITY<\/span><\/a><div class=\"accordion-inner\">\n\n\t<div id=\"text-648085320\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>Riverbank erosion and deposition are natural processes due to changes in the river flow. Prior to any disturbance from the river sand\/stone mining operation, the state of a river is in equilibrium with its flow. The flow of a river is determined by its gradient (slope) and sections. Any extraction on the river will unavoidably alter the gradient and sections of the river thus disrupting the flow and current equilibrium resulting in changes to the riverbank erosion and deposition patterns. To minimise flow disturbance due to the aforementioned reason, the determination of extraction area for river sand\/stone mining operations must strictly adhere to the DID&#8217;s excavation depth and middle third requirements. For visualisation, refer to the illustrations on the following page which depict the river flow when extraction within the middle third section of the river is complied with and when it is not. Mitigation measures to minimise the disruption of rivers due to sand\/stone extraction is detailed in <strong>SOP 1 <\/strong>and <strong>3<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-648085320 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>CHANGES TO RIVER FLOW CAUSED BY RIVER SAND\/STONE MINING<\/span><\/a><div class=\"accordion-inner\">\n\n\t<div id=\"text-2767313966\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h4><b>Scenario 1: Straight River System<\/b><\/h4>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2767313966 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1756633639\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-364809004\" class=\"col sop_div medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-839580457\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-278386135\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:90%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"691\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/54.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/54.png 691w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/54-507x400.png 507w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n<p>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-2656150017\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Within middle third<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2656150017 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"text-2400760100\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>River flow disturbance is minimised, especially the flow direction is maintained hence erosion to the riverbank is significantly reduced.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2400760100 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-838725402\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-139813498\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-938861334\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1798426901\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1798426901 {\n  padding-top: 15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"714\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/55.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/55.png 714w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/55-652x400.png 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-624018083\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"786\" height=\"501\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/56.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/56.png 786w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/56-628x400.png 628w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/56-768x490.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-839153906\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Outside of the middle third<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-839153906 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"text-2265362700\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>River flow has been disturbed especially the flow direction resulting in new erosion and deposition patterns hence erosion of riverbank will significantly increase.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2265362700 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"gap-758078550\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-758078550 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-1589858038\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<h4><b>Scenario 2: Meandering River System<\/b><\/h4>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-1589858038 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-392623560\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1959279482\" class=\"col sop_div medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-2034119245\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-32902242\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:90%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"641\" height=\"547\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/59.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/59.png 641w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/59-469x400.png 469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n<p>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-2668071191\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Within middle third<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2668071191 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"text-3560426553\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>Disruption to river flow is minimised especially the flow&nbsp; direction hence the&nbsp; erosion and sedimentation pattern which causes the concave (bulging inward) and convex (bulging outward) of a river is maintained.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-3560426553 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1888704841\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1326224055\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-2076218661\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:70%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"512\" height=\"547\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/58.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/58.png 512w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/58-374x400.png 374w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1499769282\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:88%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"636\" height=\"547\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/57.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/57.png 636w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/57-465x400.png 465w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n<h4>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-2807324316\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Outside of the middle third<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2807324316 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"text-2101483150\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>Disruption of river flow especially the flow direction resulting in new erosion and deposition patterns, erosion of riverbank will significantly increase.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2101483150 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"accordion-title plain\"><button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\"><\/i><\/button><span>MONITORING CHANGES IN BEDS AND BANKS OF RIVERS WITH RIVER SAND AND STONE MINING ACTIVITIES<\/span><\/a><div class=\"accordion-inner\">\n\n\t<div id=\"text-1704013953\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>The natural state of a river is in equilibrium but may change due to natural causes such as high flood flows events or earthquakes and human activities. River sand and stone mining activities are one of the causes that changes the natural state of rivers by lowering the riverbed and accelerating riverbank erosion. Over extraction and extraction in prohibited areas of the river are the main causes of unacceptable changes to the riverbed and banks.<\/p>\n<div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<p><strong><em>A) Riverbeds and Banks Monitoring<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Monitoring changes in beds and banks of rivers due to sand and stone mining activities is a systematic and objective way to observe the physical changes of the river. Monitoring is to be carried out and analysed to detect changes for a stretch of river at fixed locations and intervals over a period of time.<\/p>\n<p>The condition of the riverbed and banks of a particular stretch of river for mining will be identified by a survey during project prospecting or the EIA stage. The survey will provide a plan of the river, the longitudinal profile and cross-section at specific locations along the river. Typically, the survey includes stretches of river proposed for mining and 200 meters upstream and downstream of the mining area. This survey becomes the baseline for monitoring. Periodical resurveys of this stretch of river will provide a longitudinal profile and cross-sections at the same locations for comparison and to detect any changes. It is very important that the river longitudinal profile and cross-sections are closely monitored. When the allowable longitudinal profile and cross-sections have been reached, the mining activity shall be stopped. Any further excavation will cause unacceptable riverbank erosion and lowering of the river depth.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-1704013953 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1083228335\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1839245077\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:80%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/60.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/60.png 1280w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/60-711x400.png 711w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/60-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-555267661\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Illustration 1:<\/strong> Example of Plan View and Longitudinal Section of a River<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-555267661 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-780954838\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:70%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1051\" height=\"697\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/61.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/61.png 1051w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/61-603x400.png 603w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/61-768x509.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1051px) 100vw, 1051px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-3760573285\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Illustration 2<\/strong>: Example of River Cross-section<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-3760573285 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-458299418\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>In addition, a riverbank erosion indicator or marker can be installed at selected and fixed cross-section points according to the original survey to detect any changes to the riverbanks and to monitor riverbank changes. The markers are to be fixed at one (1) meter or more behind the top of banks or a certain convenient distance from the edge of the vegetation.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-458299418 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:85%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1047\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/62.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/62.png 1047w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/62-800x243.png 800w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/62-768x233.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1047px) 100vw, 1047px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-3060660208\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Illustration 3<\/strong>: Erection of riverbank erosion indicator or marker<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-3060660208 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"text-2550056963\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p>Installation and record keeping of riverbank erosion indicator or marker are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Erect indicators or markers such as wooden stakes at one (1) meter or more behind the top of the banks or at a certain convenient distance from the edge of the vegetation.<\/li>\n<li>Label the indicators or markers e.g., ID, number or station.<\/li>\n<li>Record GPS coordinates of the indicators or markers<\/li>\n<li>Measure the distance between the riverbank to the indicator or marker horizontally using a measuring tape. Record data in the riverbank monitoring form.<\/li>\n<li>If there are existing features e.g., building or trees, located next to the indicator or marker, measure the distance and record this in the form as a reference point.<\/li>\n<li>Survey the surroundings of the indicators or markers. Required data are: riverbank condition (slight erosion, moderate erosion, serious erosion or no erosion), riverbank vegetation cover, existing land use (building structure), etc. Refer to the riverbank monitoring form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2550056963 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-674130734\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1073999504\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:50%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1431\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/plate1_apx.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/plate1_apx.png 1431w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/plate1_apx-530x400.png 530w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/plate1_apx-1060x800.png 1060w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/plate1_apx-768x580.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1431px) 100vw, 1431px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-1060731042\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Plate 1<\/strong>: Distance between indicator or marker to the riverbank.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-1060731042 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-821805594\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:51%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"500\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/2.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-2820837733\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Plate 2<\/strong>: Measurement of reference point.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2820837733 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-2987942543\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong><em>B) Determination of the edge of a riverbank<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When monitoring the banks of a river as detailed in the previous section (a), measurements of the distance between the edge of the riverbank to the installed indicator or marker are necessary. Although it may appear simple on paper, conducting the activity on-site may be challenging for those who are inexperienced. A brief explanation of how to determine the edge of a riverbank is as follows.<\/p>\n<p>As a general principle, the edge of a riverbank is determined by the <strong>first fall <\/strong>when the land is sloping downwards. Two (2) persons are required to utilise this method. The first person walks slowly towards the bank with closed eyes while the second person refrains the first person from falling into the river. When the first person senses the <strong>first fall<\/strong>, then he\/she is considered to be standing at the edge of a riverbank. Refer to the plates and illustrations shown below.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2987942543 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:80%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/man_riverbank.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/man_riverbank.png 1920w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/man_riverbank-711x400.png 711w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/man_riverbank-1400x788.png 1400w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/man_riverbank-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/man_riverbank-1536x864.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-4093466969\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Plate 3<\/strong>: Man standing at the edge of the riverbank<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-4093466969 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"text-1058073205\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Observe the man outlined in red. He is standing at the edge of a riverbank. The edge may not be visible due to vegetation. However, on-site, as one walks slowly towards the bank with eyes closed, one will be able to tell when one is at the edge the instance the land one steps on starts to slope downwards or one senses the <strong>first fall<\/strong>. The illustration shown on the next page depicts the position where the man is standing if vegetation is removed from the photo above.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-1058073205 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"box has-hover   has-hover box-text-bottom\" >\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-image\" style=\"width:80%;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1362\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/66.png\" class=\"attachment- size-\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/66.png 1362w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/66-800x381.png 800w, https:\/\/epd.sabah.gov.my\/virsopv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/66-768x365.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1362px) 100vw, 1362px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box-text text-center\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-text-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-518997700\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong>Illustration 4<\/strong>: Man standing at the edge of the riverbank<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-518997700 {\n  font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-2334575804\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong><em>C) Riverbeds and Banks Monitoring Frequency<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Monitoring of riverbeds and bank is proposed to be carried out every quarterly whereas observations of riverbank erosion indicators or markers can be carried out weekly or monthly. It is best to conduct observations of riverbanks after any high flow events.<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-2334575804 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"is-divider divider clearfix\" style=\"max-width:100%;\"><\/div>\n\t<div id=\"text-112383061\" class=\"text t-justify\">\n\t\t\n\n<p><strong><em>C) Personnel for Riverbeds and Banks Monitoring<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Proposed personnel to conduct riverbeds and banks monitoring is as follows:<\/p>\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-112383061 {\n  font-size: 0.95rem;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-931929888\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-824828391\" class=\"col medium-2 small-12 large-2\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1037847591\" class=\"col medium-7 small-12 large-7\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div id=\"footable_parent_4004\"\n         class=\" footable_parent ninja_table_wrapper loading_ninja_table wp_table_data_press_parent semantic_ui \">\n                <table data-ninja_table_instance=\"ninja_table_instance_0\" data-footable_id=\"4004\" data-filter-delay=\"1000\" aria-label=\"Appendix 17.3 D\"            id=\"footable_4004\"\n           data-unique_identifier=\"ninja_table_unique_id_876779461_4004\"\n           class=\" foo-table ninja_footable foo_table_4004 ninja_table_unique_id_876779461_4004 ui table  nt_type_ajax_table selectable striped vertical_centered  footable-paging-right\">\n                <colgroup>\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_0 \">\n                            <col class=\"ninja_column_1 \">\n                    <\/colgroup>\n            <\/table>\n                    <style type=\"text\/css\" id='ninja_table_custom_css_4004'>\n                        #footable_4004  {\n    font-family: inherit;\n    font-size: 17px;\n    }\n\n    \n                <\/style>\n                \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1726224296\" class=\"col medium-3 small-12 large-3\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_151875176 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n#section_151875176 .ux-shape-divider--top svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-top-width: 100%;\n}\n#section_151875176 .ux-shape-divider--bottom svg {\n  height: 150px;\n  --divider-width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":742,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\r\n<title>17. 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